SHAW Surname Meaning and Family History

The Shaw surname means thicket, small wood, or clearing in the trees from the Middle English s(c)hage, s(c)hawe (Old English sceaga). It is also an English or Scottish topographic surname for someone who lived near a copse or thicket. Shaw may also have derived as an English form of any of the Gaelic surnames derived from the personal name Sitheach, meaning wolf, or similar sounding Irish surnames such as OShea or Shee. Surname Origin: English,  Scottish Alternate Surname Spellings:  SHEACH Famous People with the SHAW  Surname George Bernard Shaw – Irish author and playwrightArtie Shaw  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  American songwriter, best known as a 1930s and 1940s jazz bandleader and clarinetistSam Shaw  Ã¢â‚¬â€œÃ‚  American photographer; best known for his iconic images of stars such as Marilyn Monroe and Marlon BrandoAnna Howard Shaw  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Born in England,  Anna Howard Shaw was the first female minister in the Methodist Protestant Church and very active in womens suffrage.Robert Shaw –  American conductor Where Is the SHAW  Surname Most Common? The Shaw surname, according to surname distribution information from Forebears, is the 820th most common surname in the world. It is most prevalent today in India, but is used by the greatest percentage of the population in countries such as England (ranked 63rd), New Zealand (62nd), Scotland (91st), and Australia (93rd). WorldNames PublicProfiler indicates the Shaw surname is especially common in the United Kingdom, found most frequently in the northern England regions of North West, East Midlands and Yorkshire and Humberside. It is also fairly common in Scotland and Northern Ireland. Within North America, individuals named Shaw are found most commonly in Maine and Nova Scotia.   Genealogy Resources for the Surname SHAW Shaw Surname DNA Project: Over 300 members have joined this Y-DNA project to work together to use DNA testing along with traditional genealogy research to help determine Shaw origins and distinguish between various Shaw lines.SHAW  Family Genealogy Forum: This free message board is focused on descendants of Shaw  ancestors around the world. Search the forum for posts about your Shaw ancestors, or join the forum and post your own queries.  FamilySearch - SHAW Genealogy: Explore over 4.4 million  results from digitized  historical records and lineage-linked family trees related to the Shaw surname on this free website hosted by the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints.GeneaNet - Shaw Records: GeneaNet includes archival records, family trees, and other resources for individuals with the Shaw  surname, with a concentration on records and families from France and other European countries. Resources and Further Reading Cottle, Basil.  Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967.Dorward, David.  Scottish Surnames. Collins Celtic (Pocket edition), 1998.Fucilla, Joseph.  Our Italian Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 2003.Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges.  A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989.Hanks, Patrick.  Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003.Reaney, P.H.  A Dictionary of English Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1997.Smith, Elsdon C.  American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

`` Candide `` A Satire Of The Social, And The Scientific...

The Enlightenment was a time when authority was questioned, which enforced change. It emerged out of the Reformation, and the Scientific Revolution. The Reformation called for a reform of the catholic church. The Scientific Revolution called for moral, social, and political thought to rely on the scientific method and reason rather than the current system of tradition cultural authorities. These changes and ideas continued into the Enlightenment. During his time Franà §ois-Marie Arouet (1694-1778), who wrote under the name Voltaire, was an Enlightenment thinker who helped invoke this change. One way he did this was through his novel Candide, a satire of the issues in society. Throughout this book, the character Candide experiences†¦show more content†¦Throughout the book Candide searches for Cunà ¨gonde to save and marry her. When Candide finally finds her and asks the Baron for approval for marriage, he responds, â€Å"I shall never allow her to disgrace herself so meanl y†¦ No, my sister shall never marry none but a Baron of the Holy Roman Empire† (Voltaire, Candide, p.138). The Baron, Cunà ¨gonde brother refuses to allow this marriage to take place because of Candide’s lack of high social status. Candide response to this is stating all he has done to prove himself, â€Å"I have taken you from the galleys and paid your ransom, and I have paid your sister’s, too. I found her washing dishes, and she’s as ugly as a witch. Yet when I have the decency to make her my wife, you still raise objections† (Voltaire, Candide, p.138). The fact that Candide has done so much to save those two after their home was destroyed, their parents murdered, and they were forced into many hardships just shows how much weight is on social status rather than a worthy mate. Voltaire is using satire to exaggerate what a person could do and still not be considered worthy enough to marry someone of a higher status. This is unjust and by poi nting out this flaw in society in a satirical way, he exposes people to Enlightenment ideas in a way that people may listen to. In the end of this book Candide marries Cunà ¨gonde anyways, and the Baron is sent back to the galleys to suffer. This shows that thereShow MoreRelatedCandide : A Reflection Of The Enlightenment1325 Words   |  6 Pages Candide: A Reflection of the Enlightenment Francois-Marie Arouet, otherwise known as Voltaire was an 18th century French philosopher and writer during the Enlightenment period. Voltaire’s most famous work of literature; Candide follows a young man who grows up in a Baron’s castle (Castle Thunder-ten-tronckh), under the instruction of Dr. Pangloss, a tutor and philosopher who worships optimism even under extreme circumstances. Throughout Voltaire’s novel, Candide and his companions encounter aRead MoreVoltaire and The Enlightenment1142 Words   |  5 Pagescrucial changing point in the European history because of The Enlightenment. The Enlightenment was revolutionary because of Voltaire, a writer that used his ideas to attack the established Catholic Church, and to propagate the freedom of religion, scientific thoughts, skepticism and experiential philosophy. Voltaire was born in 1694, a year that was under the regiment of Louis XIV. At that time, the aristocracy ruled France in an extreme way that most commoners were struggling in poverty. From a middle-classRead MoreThe Candide By The French Enlightenment1377 Words   |  6 PagesIn the novel Candide by the French Enlightenment writer and philosopher, Voltaire, the use of satire is highly prevalent. Voltaire took many of the follies and views he disagreed with during the Enlightenment and satirized them in this highly unrealistic and exaggerated novel. The events throughout the novel, even if they have some connections or roots in historical events, are seemingly preposterous and embellished because of Voltaire’s heavy use of satire. However, Voltaire merely uses these embellishmentsRead MoreVoltaire s Candide And The Enlightenment Period1155 Words   |  5 Pages Candide was written by French Enlightenment writer Franà §ois-Marie Arouet, more popularly known as Voltaire. Thi s book was published in January of 1789 in Paris, France by Sirà ¨ne. This satire was written during the Enlightenment period, and it displayed some of Voltaire’s criticisms toward the church, society and a multitude of other subjects. My teacher chose this book for the class because it exhibits the point of view of a famous philosopher in the Enlightenment period, which we studied alongRead MoreKants Theory of Enlightenment5012 Words   |  21 Pagesdifficult for any individual to separate himself from the minority which has become natural to him. Only a few are capable of making this leap (possible relation to Nietzsche and the will to power?) The public can only achieve enlightenment slowly.  A revolution may well bring about a falling off of personal despotism and of avaricious or tyranical oppression, but never a true reform in one’s way of thinking; instead new prejudices will serve just as well as old ones to harness the great unthinking masses

Antisocial Personality Disorder Free Essays

Antisocial Personality Disorder Guadalupe Guizar Reyes HACC South West February 1, 2012 Antisocial Personality Disorder Often most people don’t understand the real issue behind Antisocial Personality Disorder and has been made clear that previous studies show that most personality disorders if not all begin by displaying symptoms during early childhood. Although very little is done about ASPD, whether it being due to lack of knowledge or not wanting to admit failure of flaw in your family, this article while far from perfect does a well job in declaring all the important aspects in the disorder. The website itself is very organized and highly informative, presenting most frequently asked questions and answering them in terms that any person with any type of educated level can comprehend. We will write a custom essay sample on Antisocial Personality Disorder or any similar topic only for you Order Now What causes antisocial personality disorder? How is it treated? What happens if it gets untreated? Questions that any person who is looking into this particular disorder whether it be for research of relevant to you or someone you know in which you want to seek help for will find most constructive. The website is not only informative but also beneficial to someone who is looking for treatment, possessing a section in which you can seek for help near you. It contains many tools that are easily accessible, useful to those in search for a specific disorder. They include a section called â€Å"Patient Discussions† where previous patients may comment on a question for instants, what treatment has been effective for your antisocial personality disorder? While not a personal question it can be quite discouraging for those who have yet to find an effective way to deal or cope with their disorder may lose interest or hope in receiving treatment. To date†¦ nothing has even remotely changed about my antisocial personality disorder and have been in and out of mental institutions most of my life. † (author last name, date, page number) The content on the page is easy on the eyes, black text on a black background, making it readable to keep visitors from leaving the site wh ile making the website look polished and professional. The negative input to the content is that although readable, every section is in the same style format, color making it difficult to istinguish one section from another. The website contains many links to other information on different types of disorders containing their symptoms, treatment, causes and other informative data all at the reach of one website making it counterproductive. The website contains features on how to distinguish one disorder from another and how from afar you can characterize the disorder, which is quite useful to those who may think a loved one maybe in need of treatment but are unsure of how to go about it. Despite the lack of space on the website it makes up with different alternatives on how the disorder can be treated, therapy for instants â€Å"For example, teenagers who receive therapy, helps them change the thinking that leads to their maladaptive behavior (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been found to significantly decrease the incidence of repeat antisocial behaviors. † The website contains good factors, it’s easy to navigate and locate particular sections you’re most interested in and everything located under one website. If by chance that there is something distinct you are searching for and cant seem to find located at the top left hand corner is a search section where it’ll lead you different website with similar traits. The website is good for all who are interested in ASPD or any specific medical condition whether it is for personal knowledge or seeking guidance and help. It will give you a clear understanding of these medical conditions and awareness. http://www. medicinenet. com/antisocial_personality_disorder/article. htm How to cite Antisocial Personality Disorder, Essay examples

Basic discription of microbiology Essay Example For Students

Basic discription of microbiology Essay Basic discription of microbiology Essay Theyre out there! You cant see them but they can see you. Right at this very moment they are living on and in your body, and there is nothing you can do about it! This may sound like the beginning of a horror movie, but it isnt. It is actually a very basic description of a very broad subject: microbiology. Microbiology is a complex subject that spans out into a variety of areas. I am a person who is entering the health care field, and it is inparitive that I know the subject of microbiology and how if effects the world in which we live. Part one of this essay will deal with defining bacteria, viruses, fungi, microbes, and pirons. Part two of the essay will focus on indigenous micro flora that is on and in the body, and part three will describe the structure and replication procedure of viruses. Part one As stated by Prescott, Harley and Klein (1990) microbiology is the study of organisms that are usually too small to be seen with the naked eye. According to Jenson and Wright (1989) a pathogen is a disease-producing organism. They also describe microbes as organisms that are often too small to be seen without the aid of a microscope. Microbes, also known as microorganisms, can be broken down into four classifications that are bacteria, viruses, fungi, and protozoa. Prescott, Harley ; Klein (1990) describe bacteria as prokaryotic cells (cells that lack a true membrane enclosed nucleus). Bacteria are both small and simple in structure; they usually are between o.5 and 5cmm yet they have many characteristic shapes and sizes. Some bacteria are circular or oval shaped, they are known as cocci bacteria. Other bacteria are rod-shaped, they are known as bacilli bacteria, and some bacteria are spiral and coil-shaped and it is know as spirilla bacteria. Engelkirk ; Burton (1979) state that bacteria can reproduce asexually by simple division of cells and some bacteria reproduce sexually by conjunction. A bacterium is a waste producer of products and secretions. This allows pathogens to invade their hosts to cause disease some of these harmful diseases are Scarlet fever, an acute illness, characterized by a reddish skin rash, which is caused by systematic infection with the bacterium streptococcus. St. Anthonys Fire is another bacterial disease. St. Anthonys Fire which is an acute superficial form of celluitus involving the dermal lymphatic, usually caused by infection with streptococci and chiefly characterized by a peripherally spreading hot, bright red, oedematous. Its medical name is Erysipelas (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 453). A third disease caused by harmful bacterium is Gonereah. A contagious bacterial infection spread through sexual contact, including vaginal, oral or anal sex. Also called the clap, it is one of the most commonly infectious diseases in the world. It is treated with antibiotics (Jenson Wright, 1989, p. 452) Viruses, as described by Englekirk Burton (1979), are a particular type of microbes that are very tiny in design, and they are classified as living cells. Viruses, like bacteria, are classified as prokaryotes. Viruss conceits of a core of nucleic acid (DNA or RNA) surrounded by a protein shell. Some viruses have an outer lipid capsule. Viruses can cause disease and change the genetic make-up of a cell. They do this by injecting its DNA or RNA into the host cell. The host cell is then taken over by the genetic material of the virus. The infected host cell will then burst; thus infecting the surrounding cells. A disease caused by a harmful virus is A.I.D.S. Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome which is caused by the human immonodeficiency virus (HIV) (Jenson ; Wright, 1989, p. 476) Another disease caused by harmful viruses is Rubella, (German measles) A viral infection which is dangerous to the fetus of pregnant women as it may cause various birth defects (Jenson ; Wright, 1989, p. 477). A third viral disease is Influenza, Commonly called the flu, influenza is a virus that infects the respiratory tract and may cause fever, headache, and general body aches, runny nose, sore throat, or cough (Jenson ; Wright, 1989, p. 477). According to Englekirk ; Burton (1979) the microbe, protozoa can be classified into the eucaryote division .

Neuroanatomy of and Neural Processes of Learning free essay sample

Describe the neuroanatomy of and neural processes related to learning based on current literature. Through research and laboratory studies, we have a better understanding of how learning can truly physically change the structure of the brain and its functional organization. With these advancements in cognitive neurosciences, educators and psychologists can enhance and form learning techniques to fit multiple settings and learning styles. However, as we grow into adulthood our â€Å"perception† of what we learn, at times, evolves into our own belief system. For some, perception is reality. This perception and other stimuli contribute to our process of learning. When we learn, the process is similar to that of a computer processing information. As we receive new stimuli, our brain searches for any existing information regarding the subject matter. If it is a new skill, our brain makes the necessary adjustments and begins to create a â€Å"database† on the new skill. As we gain experience the skill improves and the brain stores the information (Zirbel, n. We will write a custom essay sample on Neuroanatomy of and Neural Processes of Learning or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page . ). This neurophysiological processing remains the same from a young child to an adult, even though the brain constantly reorganizes itself. Neural patterns and the development of neural connections are those talents and capabilities that an individual is striving to improve, those that have important emotional, personal or survival value, and other skills that used repeatedly. These patterns are nearly impossible to destroy unless they are affected by some brain trauma or some form of disease. The higher the level of dense neural connections signifies someone’s knowledge, abilities, and skills. This expands concept understanding by connecting into the person’s strengths. In order to support proficiency in these skills a large number of neural pathways must exist. We use our stored knowledge to process and interpret our experiences.

Film Scores and Latin American Music essays

Film Scores and Latin American Music essays Music plays a significant role in the production and outcome of a film. It can be used to set the stage, bring about the climax, or even take the viewer on a roller coaster ride. But, what does music tell its audience about a culture? Most music is culture-specific giving its listener a front seat view of the customs and lifestyles of society. Music even helps viewers associate certain sounds with a particular environment. For example, salsa and merengue are known to be music genres of Latin America. When someone hears salsa, they tend to imagine women with black hair, red flowers in their hair, and maracas. In this sense, each songs messages and ideas play a significant role in shaping the image of Latin America and its people. Many Hispanic music genres in American films portray Latin American people in a violent, stereotypical, or watered-down way. Violence in association with quick, upbeat mambo or conga is prevalent in American films. This type of music is used to get the viewer excited and ready for what is about to happen. But, looking deeper, one can begin to relate these sounds to aggression and later to Hispanic people themselves. For example, "Harlem Nights" was one of the first movies that introduced me to the Hispano-Caribbean sound of mambo. In the movie, a Hispanic man who was a mobster owned a club in Harlem that played this type of music. During one scene, a woman was seen with maracas while a live band played music for her in the background. People in the club were dancing in a way I had never seen before. Then, before I could figure out what was happening in the scene, people began shooting. Then they were told there was a bomb in the club and the club was later blown up. For a first time listener and viewer of such a scene, I thought that Hispanics in America had violent clubs that were involved with the m ob. This is a type of misconception that can come about when movies portray Hispanics as a mobster and r...

Recidivism Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Recidivism - Essay Example In the paragraphs to follow, light shall be shed upon the reasons for recidivism, the measures taken to reduce the recidivism rate, the problems encountered in carrying out those measures, and most importantly, the methods used to measure the recidivism in a society and the problems encountered in attaining an accurate measure of the recidivism. Over 60% of the people released in 1994 were rearrested within 3 years for a severe violation of the law. A startling 25% of the law violators were convicted to prison over a fresh criminal offence and 46.9% were reconvicted. 2.5% of the law breakers previously arrested for rape were rearrested for another rape and statistics for homicide also showed a similar pattern as 1.2% homicide convicts were rearrested for committing another homicide (Bureau of Justice Statistics, 2007). Non-sex offenders made up the larger part of the repetition of the offences as compared to sex-offenders. It was observed that non-sex offenders were about six times less likely to be convicted for a repetition of a sex offense. When analyzing Recidivism, it is important to delve into the intricacies of Habitual Offenders and Psychopathy. Both subjects are brought under extensive analysis when a system to reduce recidivism is required. Habitual Offenders Habitual Offenders are law breakers who are classified to have a tendency to commit repetitions of a crime. Legislation is designed to discourage habitual offending tendencies and rehabilitation programs are designed and implemented to allow for habitual offenders to curb and eventually eliminate their tendency to repeat offences. Habitual Offenders are given the highest level of significance by law enforcing agencies in not only western countries but also in eastern countries where habitual offenders are often subjected to constant surveillance (Duhaime, 2008). Law enforcement agencies in certain countries exercise a policy to bring in habitual offenders for questioning when a crime has been committed that can be related to the nature of offence that the habitual offenders are known for. Psychopathy Psychopathy is defined as a bent of mind to commit a crime simply for the sake of breaking it and any amusement or thrill that it gives to the offender (Arkowitz & Lilienfeld, 2007). The term Psychopathy is often substituted by the term sociopathy, however the core of the matter remains the very same. It is a behavioral tendency to carry out destructive actions because of a mindset that is more than often defined as a personality disorder. Psychopathy is one of the most studied and researched of issues under Recidivism because most recidivism offenders are recorded to either be psychopaths or have shown streaks of behavior that can be defined psychopathic. It is important to high light here that media based portrayals of psycho-pathetic behavior are more than often exaggerated and deviate from what the actual mindset of the psychopath. Traditional studies have outlined Psychopathy to be a mix of traits that include a tendency towards egocentricity deceit, manipulative outlook towards achieving desires and a severe deficiency of remorse regarding any activities (Hare, 1996).

School and Sociaty Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

School and Sociaty - Research Paper Example Mann is known as â€Å"father of American common school† Talented and hard working teachers can mould a weak student into a strong one. There should be similarity in text books and criterion is set to select teachers. Teachers be paid good amount as salary to motivate them and make job respectable. Tozer states that â€Å"schools are complex institutions with diverse and complicated relationships to the communities in their surroundings†. Now teachers are supposed to understand the link of education with society and should set goals accordingly. Now political economy is term which comprises of political, cultural, social and economical aspects of society. In the same way ideology covers the beliefs and ideas of a society. Therefore these are not separate terms and must be studied in relation to each other. (Tozer, Violas & Senese, 2001) Now if I apply all these terms on my education then my education did not commensurate to my future social and economic challenges. When I went to college, than I realized that school education was just useless for me as I was unable to perform well. I was weak in mathematics therefore I was unable to perform well as a cashier in a grocery shop. Here comes the fault of my school system. Schools of Bronx New York were overcrowded. Teachers were under educated and were low paid. Teachers were also not made accountable by the government authorities for imparting poor education. This weak foundation grew with me and I faced lot of problems in higher education and in job as well. Thomas Jefferson says that citizens should be educated in way that they can liberally understand the world and should also know the functioning of society. Local schools system of a society should be able to run and mange school in a great fashion. Jefferson emphasized on training of mental abilities in his educational ideal. He gave the idea of autonomy to every diverse school district. Primary schools education should be developed in such a wa y that in future the students can ensure the existence of society. Jefferson’s ideal has not played any part in my education. After my basic education I was unacceptable to the society because of poor educational background. Jefferson wants to see an educational system that can strengthen all dimensions of society including economy. After completing basic education I was unable to handle minor accounts efficiently. Initially I was taken as thief in grocery shop because of cash shortage on daily basis but ultimately I was fired. Jefferson wanted students to understand all dimensions of society including ideology and demography. When appeared in entrance exam for admission in a college, I could not understand any thing in the paper and got failed. I did not know the basics of English, Mathematics and history (Gramsci, 2009) Now the schools are accessible to every child but previously the distance to schools was the de motivating factor for students. I will highlight the quality of teachers here as I suffered a lot from this aspect in my life. It is the teacher who can shape the life of his students for making them important part of the society. My teachers were not highly educated as I was studying in a normal public school. Jefferson and Mann always emphasized on highly qualified and enlightened teachers. When I appeared for entrance exam I was unable to understand any thing. I did not know basics about Mathematics and English. I was also fired

Analysis of internal and external efficiencies of the education system Research Paper

Analysis of internal and external efficiencies of the education system in DRC - Research Paper Example Research problem Being an African, born and schooled there in most of my elementary level, I therefore have an adequate understanding of the educational model used in the region and can therefore explain the discord between the increasing literacy level and the rising rates of unemployment. The African model of education is more theoretical and historical. This enlightens the students on previous facts most of which are of no relevance to the life in the modern day society. Anyone trying to make sense of policy research in education is likely to be struck by the numerous contractions and paradoxes that perplex the field. Even a brief consideration of these problems raises a number of important questions: What contributes to the frequency of contradictions and paradoxes in educational policy? To what extent researches might resolve these matters? Where research cannot provide clear answers, what should be our response to these problems? With ten years teaching experience, I have the audacity to criticize the educational model in Congo, a low income country in Africa. A lot of theories make students fantasize and do not therefore relate the information they obtain in school to solving the daily life challenges. The theoretical aspect of the African model of education begins in the types of examples that teachers give their students during lessons most of which are not drawn from the society. When teachers are not certain of the knowledge they pass to their students, the students handle the knowledge as a school affair which is completely irrelevant once out of school. Literature review Africa is a highly ethicized continent, through historical studies, schools become the first institutions to enlighten the population on the historical injustices thereby breeding or perpetuating the possible ethical tensions in the countries (McCloskey 12). Besides the historical aspect of the education system in the low income countr ies of Africa, the theoretical model of education results in fantasies. Furthermore, Congo is an unstable country with constant civil wars. Coupled with the weak economy, the education sector receives insufficient funds to sustain a constant curriculum upgrade and improvement of the educational model. The Japanese model of education fits the country. In addition, it will help the country produce relevant human resource to fast track the development process of the country. However, the lack of infrastructure and funds and the different level of development compel the implementation of the model to be in bits in the order of relevance (McCloskey 44). Methodology The research will be a qualitative comparison of the education system in the two countries; Japan is a developed country and it is not surprising to note the different educational model between the two countries. The country has an effective government, which invests heavily in the education sector. This implies that the Japan ese academic curriculum is reviewed constantly to keep it abreast with the changing technologies of the time. Constant curriculum review ensures that the knowledge is of relevance to the changes in the society. This is important feature lacks in the Congolese model of

Shakespeares impression

Shakespeares impression William Shakespeares Impressions of Venice from his plays and Themes of Venetian Republic from the plays: The Merchant of Venice and Othello Introduction This essay is aimed at looking at William Shakespeares impression of Venice by analysing his two famous plays, The Merchant of Venice and Othello. Then, after taking Shakespeares impressions, a closer look will be taken at the main themes brought out of the two plays and compare and contrast them with Shakespeares impressions. Such themes include; Anti-Semitism and the Jews and their role in the economy and society of Venice, law and justice in the Republic of Venice, the role of women in Venetian society, foreign mercenaries in Venice and racism and jealousy in Venice. Such themes will be analysed in order to see of Shakespeares impressions of Venice from his plays are compatible with real life in Venice. Major Themes: Merchant of Venice The Jews of Venice and their role in society and the economy and Anti-Semitism One must always take the context in which Shakespeare lived. This means that the English society in which Shakespeare lived is extremely important since this is reflected in his plays. Shakespeare must surely have been influenced by the society in which he lived in especially when it comes to the Jews. It was known the people in London were hostile to foreigners (xenophobic) and that anti-Semitism in Elizabethan England was very a common feature of society. So, anti-Semitism is already emerging as a major theme in this play. This is all personified in Shylock who is hated and treated badly in society due to him being a Jew. One must always take into account that the Jews were frowned upon because they were the killers of Christ. So, in Christian societies of the time of William Shakespeare, the Jews were not so much welcome. In fact, they were put in ghettos and this was also in Venice. However, they could play a role in economy Antonio the Merchant is used by Shakespeare to portray the general peoples negative attitudes towards the Jews. Here comes the element of anti-Semitism. In the play, especially in Act One: Scene Three, Act Three: Scene One, Antonio the Gentile is seen bullying Shylock because of his Jewish religion. It is seen in Antonio spitting on Shylocks beard. In Act Three: Scene One, Shylock speaks about his suffering which is induced by Antonios constant bullying. The next excerpts taken from this Act and Scene prove this: Line 43 hindered me half a million Line 44 52 laughed at my losses, mocked at my gains, scorned my nation, thwarted my bargains, cooled my friends, heated mine enemies and whats his reason? I am a Jew. Hath not a Jew eyes? Hath not a Jew hands, organs, dimensions, senses, affections, passions? Fed with the same food, hurt with the same weapons, subject to the same diseases, healed by the same means, warmed and cooled by the same winter and summer as a Christian is? If you prick us, do we not bleed? If you tickle us, do we not laugh? If you poison us, do we not die? In Act 1: Scene Three, there is also reference to Shylock being bullied by Antonio: Line 103 dog Line 109 void your rheum referring to Antonio spitting on Shylocks beard. Now, when one looks at such lines from the play, he gets the impression that the Jews were made to live through hell and that anti-Semitism in Venice was very much present. It is true that there was anti-Semitism in Venice mainly due to religious reasons (the Jews were the ones who chanted for Christs crucifixion). However, Shakespeare puts too much emphasis on anti-Semitism in Venice. This is seen all throughout the play. Maybe Shakespeare was too much influenced by the society he lived in and puts focus on anti-Semitism in order to satisfy his audience. This factor has to be taken into account in order to analyse the play well. The play focuses too much on Shylock being bullied due to his Jewish origin but his social role as usurer is not given any importance at all in the play[1]. If one had to look into real life in Venice, he would observe that the Jews were important players in the Venetian economy due to their money lending. They engaged in trade and they helped very much helping the authorities avoid the hassle of creating loan banks. However, it was true that the Jews had to live in ghettos and had to wear the yellow Star of David in order to be recognised as being Jews. But on the whole, they were tolerated, especially when it comes to their contribution to the Venetian economy. So this leads to the conclusion that the Jews in Venice were tolerated out the need the state had for them not out of human kindness. The question is: Were Venetians tolerant of foreigners? The answer would be that overall; the Venetians were tolerant of foreigners. One must not forget that foreigners had the right to access law courts in Venice for example. In the play, the phrase freedom of the state (3.2.277) is mentioned which refers to the right of foreigners to access Venetian law courts and the recognition of bonds to foreigners entered into by its own citizens[2] (M. M. Mahood, 2003). These are also words of praise to the Venetian justice system in which privilege or nationality did not matter. There were communities of people of different cultures who came to Venice due to its commercial importance bringing with them knowledge and commercial goods. The Venetians were very proud of this and outside observers tend to admire Venice for this. So, as a conclusion, one may say that racism in Venice is a bit exaggerated by Shakespeare when in fact Venetian society was overall tolerant even if sometimes slightly suspicious of foreigners. Law and Justice in Venice William Shakespeares form of justice in this play is seen in Portia telling Shylock to cut a pound of flesh from Antonio and that he should not spill a drop of blood. The Duke also features in this. When Shylock discovers that he could not cut a pound of flesh from Antonio without spilling a drop of blood, he had to lose all his property and the Duke is the one to decide whether he would live or not. In the play, the Duke decides to pardon Shylock and Shylock has to convert from his Jewish faith to become a Christian, apart from losing his property. Here, Shakespeare portrays the Duke as having quite a say in law courts in Venice. How realistic was this in real life in Early Modern Venice? It was real. However, the Duke (Doge) was never the judge himself at the law court. The Duke could only voice his opinions along with the opinions of the judges, but never the judge by himself. The Duke used to receive appeals for mercy[3]. Shakespeare brings this out in the play and by this; he shows that he had a good grasp of the justice system in Republic of Venice. In the play, the Duke grants mercy to Shylock (on condition that Shylock the Jew become a Christian and no longer engages in usury). When approaching the law and justice theme in the Merchant of Venice, one must leave out the fact that the Venetian Republics justice system was a fair one. Firstly, everybody from the Patricians downwards to lower strata of Venetian society was considered equal before the law; and secondly, there was the system of appeal in which appeals could be made to the Duke[4]. Economy of Venice The Rialto is mentioned in the play along with its economic importance regarding trade in the Republic of Venice. The Rialto was the center of much of Venetian trade with different states in the Mediterranean, especially the Levant. This also shows how William Shakespeare was very much knowledgeable about certain aspects of Venice, especially regarding commerce. This may have come from some of his friends who visited Venice and who told him about what they saw in the city. Gender in Early Modern Venice In the play, Portia is portrayed as a rich woman. The social status of women in Venice differed according to their class. If they came from rich and Patrician classes and were educated, they were respected in society. In the 16th century, the Republic of Venice was known to have had women who enjoyed respect in society. They were known as courtesans. A quote (see below) from the book, Women and Men in Early Modern Venice by Satya Brata Datta describes very well these courtesans. The Venetian Republic was renowned far and wide for its large number (210 in 1566, for instance) of beautiful, independent and often intellectually inclined courtesans, who enjoyed a special but ambivalent status in society. The quote (above) from the book mentioned gives a clear indication that certain women were treated differently from other women in Venice. William Shakespeare may have been aware of this fact and he portrays all this in the character of Portia, who is portrayed as a rich, independent (still seeking the right man to marry) and intelligent. Her intelligence is seen in the way she manages to save Antonio from Shylock. Venetian women were categorised when it came to social status. There were the Lady (Signora), the Courtesan (Cortigiana) and the Prostitute (meretrice). The courtesans were respected to the point that they could go to the law courts in order to stress their importance in Venetian society and they would not find it difficult to go to the law courts/tribunals at all[5]. So, this shows that Venetian society was not that strongly masculine. Another quote from Satya Brata Dattas book describes the courtesans qualities (see below). The courtesan defined herself as a woman with three characteristic features: she was a woman of her own kind, that is, neither a virgin nor a housewife; she was a free woman, not least sexually; and she was a creative, intelligent woman.[6] The above quote can be considered as a reference to Portia and this can give an insight of how much William Shakespeare was knowledgeable about aspects of life in Venice (which come out as themes in the play). As a conclusion, one must keep in mind that Venetian society was a patriarchal one (i.e. a male-dominated society) but women such as the Courtesans and Prostitutes were respected by the male-dominated leadership in Venice which helped the Republic of Venice to be widely known in foreign countries for its tolerance when it came to society[7]. Major Themes: Othello Foreigners in Venetian Wars The Republic of Venice was not used to sending its own townspeople to fight its wars. It made use of foreign mercenaries and the generals appointed to fight Venices wars were always of foreign origin. The Republic of Venice preferred to make use of foreign mercenaries in its wars and in defending both land and maritime territories under its rule. This notion is strengthened by the fact that Venice had a law which strictly stipulated that a general in the army had to be a foreigner and not born in Venice[8]. It was also known that Italian city-states used to employ foreign mercenaries to fight their wars and the Republic of Venice was one of them. It also shows how Venetians were tolerant to foreigners Racism and (3)Jealousy The two most outstanding themes of this play are racial differences in Venice and jealousy. Out of all European states, Venice contained people from diverse backgrounds which made it a melting pot. Its commerce brought it many people from different lands. But there must have been some dislike of foreigners. In the play, this is personified in Iago. Iago hates the fact that his superior is a foreigner and of a different religious faith. Also, Desdemonas marriage to Othello the Moor is not liked at all. One also has to take into account the fact that Desdemona was the daughter of a Venetian nobleman, Brabantio. Again, racism comes to the fore in the sense that Desdemonas choice of Othello the dark-skinned general could be an embarrassment to her father. It shows once again that racial intermarriages were not liked by all people in Venice although Venice was known to be a city-state where many foreigners lived and brought their cultures and religious faiths with them. In the play, it is assumed that Othello might have attracted Desdemona to him by magical practices. In fact, Desdemona is impressed by his military talent which makes her disregard the fact that he is black and a non-Christian. Desdemonas love for Othello is referred to as downright violence (Act One: Scene Three, Line 245). This phrase shows that Desdemonas love to Othello is considered as a violation of the norm (especially by the villain Iago). Desdemona can be considered the good character while Iago is the villain. Iago is jealous of Othello because Othello is talented and he does all he could to damage him and in various scenes he is seen trying to ridicule Othello and spewing his hatred for the Moor. Racism against Othello the Moor is very much emphasized throughout the whole just like hatred towards Shylock in The Merchant of Venice. Act One: Scene Two Line 79 of arts inhibited and out of warrant The above line refers to magical practices which were totally forbidden in Venice. Othello is accused of magical practices to attract Desdemona which shows the hatred against him because of his origins. The term Moor was used in the time of Shakespeare to describe a dark-skinned person. Line 343 erring Barbarian This line once again emphasizes Iagos hatred of Othello and erring refers to Othellos religion and barbarian refers to Othellos origins. Even in The Merchant of Venice, Portia displays this racial difference when it comes for her to choose the man she wants marry. This is seen when she is to meet the Prince of Morocco in the quote from the play (below): If he have the condition of saint or the complexion of a devil, I had rather he should shrive me than wive me. (Act 1: Scene 2 lines 106-108) So, this is already showing Portias dislike for the Prince of Morocco due to his colour. Conclusion When one compares William Shakespeares impressions on Venice from his plays with real life in early modern Venice, one can find that Shakespeare was knowledgeable about life in Venice in those. Though he exaggerates the theme of anti-Semitism in The Merchant of Venice, one must also keep in mind that he was also influenced by the society he lived in and that must surely affected and it comes out in his writings. The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, Edited by M. M. Mahood, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pg 18. The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, Edited by M. M. Mahood, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pg 15. The Merchant of Venice, by William Shakespeare, Edited by M. M. Mahood, Cambridge University Press, 2003, pg 16. Women and Men in Early Modern Venice, Satya Brata Datta, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003, pg 54 Women and Men in Early Modern Venice, Satya Brata Datta, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003, pg 178 Women and Men in Early Modern Venice, Satya Brata Datta, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003, pg 178 Women and Men in Early Modern Venice, Satya Brata Datta, Ashgate Publishing Limited, 2003, pg 179 Othello, by William Shakespeare, Edited by Norman Sanders, Cambridge University Press, 1984, pg 10

Internship with the Police Department Essay -- Internship Police Depar

Internship with the Police Department Throughout my one hundred and twenty-hour experience with the Gloversville Police Department, I learned many skills, values and the ways of this Police Department. Many of the calls and situations I went to often could relate to a certain theory that I learned in any of my law classes. I would recommend any student majoring in Criminal Justice to try to take an internship with a local law enforcement agency. I am currently signed up for the civil service test for Gloversville Police Department, If I do qualify for the Police I believe that this internship will give me a huge head start. Some experiences that I encountered were DWI'S, Assaults, Traffic Tickets, Domestic Disputes, and going into the bars for ABC checks. The best Dwi I saw was when we pulled over a twenty-nine year old Marine. The officer that I was with wanted to let him go but couldn't because of the condition of the offender. So we cuffed him and brought him to the station. While filling out the report for him we get a call about a kid who was struck at a bar by another man. We asked if he wanted to press charges and he replied with a yes. We went to his house and found out it was a twenty-five year-old who was majoring to be a lawyer. The officer I was with that night knew this kid and thought very low of him because of past incidents. Come to find out the twenty-nine year old we had in custody was the one that had assaulted him earlier in the bar. We told him to come down in the morning and sign to press charges. When we got back to the station the Officer I was with asked him why he didn?t hit hi m harder. It was way to make him laugh and relax. After that we all got talking and it actually did calm him down and I learned that even though someone committed a crime that it doesn?t necessarily mean that person is a bad person. When dealing with assaults I learned that no matter how much you agree with a person or want to believe a person that you cant take sides. To me this was one of the major lessons that I learned in this program. We were dispatched to a call at the Caboose for a fight. When we arrived I saw two younger males and an older male fighting. Immediately I thought that the two younger males were drinking and started a fight with this older man who was walking down the street. To my mistake we found out that the two men were helpi... ... that will hopefully improve my handwriting skills. Besides the writing I feel that most of my skills are good. If I become an Officer myself I believe that these would only improve. If I were to be grading myself on this internship program I would give myself a B. I believe that I would deserve an A but this paper itself is not the certain length required. Through the program I learned a lot of valuable information about police departments themselves and how they work because I was actually there. No teacher could have taught this to any students, its something that they would have to experience themselves and something that I highly recommend to any student who is serious about taking criminal justice. The internship program was one of my best experiences with college. I learned a lot of information dealing with the Police and how they work. I also learned that I want a career in this field. I want a job that is different everyday and I don?t know what?s going to happen day after day. Thank you for creating the opportunity for me to experience what it?s like in a Police Department. I greatly appreciate all the time and effort you put forward for me to do this internship.

Somalia

Somalia is located in the horn of Africa with boundaries to Ethiopia, Djibouti and Kenya. Somalia's last full functional government collapsed in 1991. Since then Somalia has been ruled by transitional governments backed by the United Nations and international unions and now the Somali federal government. Somaliland north part of the Somalia declared itself as separate sovereignty in 1992, although there is no country still recognized its sovereignty, similarly, Puntland; the north eastern regions of Somalia, established the semi- autonomous administration called Puntland state of Somalia in 1998. After the collapse of central government of Somalia, financial institutions destroyed, the central bank of Somalia was malfunctioning with no enough authority to manage the monetary system of the country. The country's cash management system became night mire, with no central management for the cash receipts of the country. The inflation reached at its peak with 30,000 so.sh exchanged to 1$ in 2008 and the management of cash to businesses and day to day transactions become too risky and costly.Somaliland launched new currency notes named Somaliland shillings in October 1994 to resolve financial disturbances from the rest of Somalia. In 2010 mobile money transfer has emerged in the horn of Africa country, Somalia; the telecommunications companies operated in Somalia started the mobile money transfer service, Golis Telecom Company, hormuud telecom and telesom company covering the three zones in Somalia namely Somaliland, puntland and south central somalia. golis telecom covered mobile money transfer services named SAHAL SERVICE in Puntland state, telesom company covered Somaliland and called it ZAAD SERVICE and hormuud telecom covered south central Somalia named its service as EVC PLUS.The emergency of mobile banking in Somalia started a new era in the field of bank system in Somalia. This new system has solved a lot of financial constrains faced the business and commerce in Somalia and started improving transactions and cash security in the country.Sahal service which is the mobile money transfer offered by golis telecommunication company has been launched in 2009 in all over puntland. This includes the major cities in puntland such as bosaso, garowe and galkacyo. The service which is owned and offered by golis Telecommunication Company, the largest telecom company in the region, with more than 15000 active subscribers (2015) has been easily accepted by the community which highly suffered the malfunction of monetary system in the country.Sahal service in puntland offer the community to the following services:Money transfer. Mobile paymentMobile banking and servicesMobile airtimeMobile remittanceMoney transfer service:Sahal service offered customers to transfer money from one to another, they can transfer from small fraction of amount ranging from 0.1$ to unlimited us dollars. Golis Company charged this service initially to small amount of which is as follows:Golis later decided to keep all the services free of charge. This service works as follows; the customer needs to deposit his cash amount to his mobile phone by visiting golis sales center. Later the customer can send the money back to other customers with sahal service where ever he is in Somalia.This service has largely been used by businesses and individuals for the transitions between the cities and regions and has been widely accepted by the community since it is cheaper than the normal remittances working in the region such as dahalshiil, amal or iftin. This is the graphical representation of how sahal service works:Figure 11 process of money transer service Figure 12 process of money transfer service Mobile payment (paybills): This is another service offered by the golis telecom company's SAHAL SERVICE. Mobile payment is also called merchant number and is intended to replace cash transactions between businesses and people. Golis customer has to get merchant number from golis sales offices and it is used for that business only, it cannot be used personal. You can get merchant number only if you have a running business with a name and location. After you get merchant number, the customer will do payment through this merchant number. The merchant number does not charge the customers as well as the owners, it is free of charge. The merchant number is bounded by cities and regions and cannot cross across different cities. If you wish to send money from one city to another for purchases, merchant number will not help you and will not work for that purpose instead you have to use sahal money transfer service. Merchant number offered by golis telecom has helped businesses to run their business with or without cash transactions. It increased the security of their transactions by keeping transactions with their merchant numbers history. The merchant person will go to golis offices to get the transactions he made this year or this month or simply a specific customer. This has increased the reliability and confidence of the merchants and they are heavily relied on this service. This service has changed the dynamics of the business transactions in puntland and it fills the gap of securing business transactions and payments in which otherwise the government should have to deal with. On the other side, there is a widespread believe that sahal service dominated the cash transactions in the country and if this service goes as it is now for many years there is a possibility that it will degrade the cash system of the country hence it should be regulated and concretely managed by the concerned government agencies.Use of Paybills service from golis telecom is shown graphically below:Figure 13 process of performing mobile payment Mobile banking system:Sahal service has an additional service called kaaftoon, this service connects your salaam bank account into your mobile with the help of sahal service. The customer who needs to use this service should first have sahal service enabled in his mobile phone, then your salaam bank account can be tailored to your sahal service simply by asking salaam bank offices to do so. After it is being opened, you will be able to deposit and retrieve you money to your bank account. Similarly, you can send and retrieve money from the other salaam bank account anywhere in the country.Kaaftoon services become the biggest nightmare for other competitor banks. It helped salaam bank which is co-owned by golis telecom to enter market tremendously and get a huge market share with the minimum amount of time. The community highly welcomed This service as it is a new service enabled with the latest technology and removed the constraint of lining up the bank offices to deposit or withdraw cash your account.The kaaftoon service works as follows; the customer should deposit cash money to his sahal service by visiting golis sales offices and depositing money to them then they will credit your sahal service account as per the requirement. Then inside your phone you can deposit the amount required to your salaam bank account and send money to other salaam bank accounts if required. Similarly you can withdraw money deposited in your salaam account into your sahal service and use it. You really don't require visiting salaam bank office or ATM machine to withdraw cash.The amount of money to withdraw or deposit using kaaftoon service is as follows; you can withdraw or deposit minimum of 10$, it will not accept below 10$. But you can withdraw and deposit as much as you need. This gives the customers a huge flexibility of managing their transactions and business into their premises. Figure 14 process of performing mobile payment through sahalMobile airtime: Mobile airtime is also another feature which allows customers to get golis airtime from their sahal service, this service give customers the ability to get airtime to their mobile phones by using their sahal service, similarly they are allowed to give airtime to their friends and any golis subscriber. Before sahal service come into existence, scratch cards, golis centers and agents used to give customers the airtime they need. Small amount of service fee are charged to the customers by the agents. But when sahal service begins to work all airtime work has shifted to the sahal service. Still there are agents of airtime which help customers those do not have registered sahal service to get their required airtime but they use their agency within sahal service. Al though this shift of airtime service paradigm lost jobs and services but the subscribers get the flexibility to manage their airtime. Figure 15 process of performing mobile airtime through sahal serviceMobile remittance (taaj service):The mobile remittance service or taaj service has been included sahal service package in the year 2013. Taaj is a subsidiary company of a sister companies named HTG (hormuud, telesom and golis) and formarly known as BARAKAAT REDSEA COMPANY. The company have been subsidized according to the locations and clan boundaries in Somalia. This gave birth to group of sister companies of HTG group. Taaj remittance belongs to HTG and it is supported by all the mobile banking systems of these companies viz SAHAL, ZAAD and EVCPLUS services.Taaj Remittance Company has been introduced in the Somali market in the year 2012, and has gained a large market share immediately, compelling the competitor companies with large market share to enter into the telecommunications company. The gaint Somali remittance companies', dahalshiil group and amal bank both entered the telecom company by forming SOMTEL and AMTEL companies respectively.The main aim of creating SOMTEL and AMTEL by dahabshiil and amal companies is the risk they faced from such technology as taaj company with the help of mobile banking systems such sahal service.Somtel has been largely launched Somalia at large and has come with their mobile banking system named E-DAHAB.AMTEL Company has been launched in the year 2017 and it is still in its initial start up phases. Since the collapse of Somali government in 1991, Somali community has largely become immigrant in almost all over the world. Somali communities in different parts of the world use to send money in their families back home. The banking system of the country collapsed and the transfer of money from abroad to the country become difficult and that time Somali remittance companies has emerged and take their role in transferring money between communities abroad and Somalis in Somalia. Coming back to sahal service package, taaj service is one of the services supported by sahal service, it supports both local and international money transfer and it works as follows: The person should deposit the amount of money to send into his sahal service. By using his sahal service, person should follow procedure accordingly and provide all the required information as seen graphically below:Figure 16 process of performing mobile remittance through sahal service Figure 17 process of performing mobile remittance through sahal serviceChallenges confronted sahal service in puntland:Introducing sahal service into the market met challenges which include technology related issues, reliability and money exchange business. We will address these three challenges below and how sahal service survived from these two challenges.Deficiency of sahal service technology:The customer got caught by lack of knowledge from this new technology in which they feel a huge risk of their money. They didn't have prior knowledge of such technology nor it is something they use to see. This makes the service rigid and decreases its reliability and flexibility. Golis telecom company which is the owner of sahal service started the service as follows; the company run the service only to its employees initially, to check whether the service runs as planned and rectify errors if any. This initially run of the service lasts for three months in which they send employee salaries, bonuses etc to this service, then the company opened the service to its customers by putting a lot of efforts to encourage customers the reliability, confidentiality and security of the service. They put a huge amount of marketing money to introduce and convince the customers to the new service. Golis telecom established a huge lcd tv's to many of its centers explaining how to use the service from technology point of view. Similarly they put advertisement agencies such as TV's, radios and newspapers explaining the same. This helped customers to understand the service and use it. Leter, sahal service customers started to increase each month. Reliability of the service:Inutility, customers got suspicious about the reliability of the service, they didn't convince to put their money in mobile phone and let it go. They believed the possibility that the company may collapse, or they misuse their money. Similarly since there is no strong financial system in the country they feel keeping their money with them is best policy. Golis telecom survived this problem as follows; first of all the service was not only run in golis telecom or in puntland but all across Somalia. ZAAD and EVC PLUS have been introduced in hargaisa and Mogadishu respectively. The introduction of the similar service across the country convinced the customers that the service has its demands now and may be it is the time to keep your money in mobile phones. The other asset which helped the company to convince the customers is the customer loyalty to the company. The company has made a clean image from fraud and financial mismanagement during its existence and the customers feel it that way and it increased its reliability. Similarly golis telecom run a lot of sales offices to handle sahal service customer care and customer issues in which it poured a huge money to immediately retrieve customer money in cash in case needed. This step greatly influenced the mindset of the customers and increased their confidentiality since their money is available 24/7 in cash or in the mobile phone. Money exchange businesses:Merchants from money exchanges business who do currency exchange from dollars to Somali shillings and vice versa saw sahal service as their biggest threat. These groups of business people immediately felt that if this service runs successfully all those exchange businesses will not live peacefully side by side instead sahal service is the end money exchange business. This is true in a way that no one will need to go exchange business to do exchanges from dollar to Somali shillings and vice versa since sahal service will do this and many more services. These group have tried to ruin the service and publicly misinform the community by spreading negative propaganda about the service and mostly aligning the service with financial fraud.Golis telecom company stuck to its plan of fighting and convincing the community the services offered by sahal service and its benefits. Their main defence strategy was security and convinced the community golis is the right place to secure their money instead of holding and incurring security costs similarly since there is no fully working financial banks both public and private there was a huge need of financial services which is better than the current unstructured financial systems and services. This is the place where sahal service got the attention of community as whole.

Cultural Background and First Language in Second Language Learners

Cultural Background and First Language in Second Language Learners Abstract Second language acquisition, cultural background, and first language dexterity have a considerable relationship. They influence communication skills and writing styles among individuals. Learners acquiring second language have their cognitive developments and learning processes influenced by numerous factors.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cultural Background and First Language in Second Language Learners specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More This ranges from physical provisions to verbal factors depending on the learning context, language used, and people they interact with. This study unveils the probable effects that cultural orientation and first language prowess can have on the second language prospects and writing styles. Evidently, how one has been brought up and the environment of existence have massive influences on the mentioned factors. Some studies have revealed positive results on this matt er. They indicate that cultural aspects and first language proficiency usually impact positively on the second language learning and writing styles. This simply indicates that those individuals who are proficient in their first language can easily learn to speak and write second languages. This is applicable if the cultural backgrounds are supportive in this quest. Conversely, some people have shown limited proficiency in learning second language due to their cultural hitches. Inability to communicate proficiently in the first language equally affects the mentioned endeavors to learn the second language. Investigating whether there is any impact of culture and first language factors on the second language acquisition and writing styles is a critical phenomenon. These factors relate to the effects of cognitive development, orientation, and the learning processes among the concerned individuals. Evidently, culture, language, and learning prospects are correlated factors that determine mental advancements in learners (Wood, 1998). It is important for learners to embrace cultural backgrounds and first language proficiency; nonetheless, if they front negative impacts on the cognitive advancements and second language learning and writing styles, they will be unworthy. Introduction Brief review about the cultural differences which affect learners The impact of cultural differences on learners cannot be underestimated. Different communities have different cultures, which they use to shape up their behaviors and learning capabilities. Some of these cultures are too strict to allow the concerned learners to adopt new skills.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Nevertheless, there are some cultures, which have favored second language learning and writing styles (Wood, 1998). The rigidity and disparities in these cultures have played principle roles in the co gnitive advancement of the concerned learners. Numerous cultures have varied impacts on learners in the realms of language learning and other provisions. As indicated before, this ranges from cognitive developments, learning capabilities, social factors, writing styles, and health issues. Employing apt learning methods and exposing learners to viable interactive mechanism have positive impacts on their learning competency. A relationship exists amid the second language acquisition, mental developments, and cultural backgrounds as indicated before. Learners have the opportunity to change their language abilities and remove barriers that might hinder them from constructive learning capabilities (Lee, 2000). Usually, learning an additional language cannot affect the mental development of learners; nonetheless, cultural barriers can hinder the second language learning endeavors significantly. Brief review about the first language features that have influences on learners Concurrently, f irst language has features that can influence the mentioned learning and writing of second languages among learners. However, this varies from one learner to the next. The importance of this topic emerged on its ability to clarify the relationship that exists amid the second language attainment, cognitive developments/learning abilities, and the ultimate learning and writing skills affected by the first language and cultural obstacles. Evidently, first language gives a considerable foundation in mastering other languages. It can act as a barrier or promoter to the acquisition of subsequent languages. Clarifying the relationship and impacts of this phenomenon is of some substantial impacts (Goswami, 2004). It is desirable to deliver investigated findings on the matter rather than relying on perceptions and rootless claims.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Cultural Background and First Language in Second Language Learners specifically for you for on ly $16.05 $11/page Learn More Executing investigation on such issues has contributed immensely to the topic. This is evident by the resultant findings in relation to the cognitive developmental aspects, second language acquisition, writing capabilities, and other characterizing factors. Another feature in the first language is that it might be so complex, distinctive in vowels and structure of sentences, and possesses ambiguous pronunciations. These features might greatly affect efforts to learn and write second language proficiently. This is critical phenomenon, which requires appropriate approach when dealing with the second language learning phenomenon. A well-structured and spoken first language can massively and positively affect the second language acquisition efforts. The writing styles will also be commendable depending on the proficiency of the first language. Another element is that since the first language is initially installed in the brain, all subsequen t leaning capabilities depends on its proficiency. All new information gained will be interpreted and integrated in the mind using the first language (Sanz Leow, 2011). It can thus affect the succeeding learning capabilities as indicated before. Cultural Background The impacts of cultural values on communication efficiency Cultural values have significant effects on communication proficiency of an individual. Cultures dictate the behaviors and communication capabilities of the concerned parties. Evidently, some cultures prohibit the use of some words and learning of some languages. This provision can obviously affect the learning and writing capabilities. Such cultures affect the cognitive developments and advancements of the concerned learners. They can affect the learning endeavors adversely thus hindering the learning efforts. Second language acquisition equally depends on the cultural backgrounds, its values, and how the concerned individual in that community perceive other lan guages. Studies conclude that cultural values have massive influence on the second language attainment. The values embraced by a given community have considerable impacts on the learning capabilities and on the cognitive development /learning processes as indicated before. The claims that acquisition of such values might confuse the involved learners are inconsiderable in the learning and writing realms.Advertising Looking for research paper on education? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The communication efficiency of an individual is subjected to cultural influences. People have the potential to learn other languages and later communicate efficiently. Despite the impact of cultural values, some individuals have managed to learn second languages with stringent proficiency and prowess (Cook Bassetti, 2010). It is proper to claim that cultural values might reconfigure the communicational capabilities of children. A former cultural value can be a barrier at the initial stages of learning; nonetheless, it has no any remarkable influence in the well-being and communicational capability of the concerned learners. Precisely, since cultural values can manipulate mental development, it equally interferes with the communicational proficiency and writing capabilities. However, positive cultural values can augment communication prowess among other provisions. The impacts of cultural perspectives on communication method The perspectives created by culture have tremendous impac ts on the communicational methods. Ability to communicate proficiently is subjective to cultural orientation of the concerned parties. This is an important phenomenon following its ability to dictate the cognitive developments and learning capabilities of the concerned learners. It is through this perspective that cultural impacts exhibit incredible impacts on the communication methods. The way one will communicate his or her ideas are dictated massively by the cultural perspectives. As evident from numerous authors, second language acquisition, communicational methods, and cognitive developments are influenced by cultural perspective. The fact that people perceive things differently based on their cultural orientation, any communication method is a derivative of cultural factors. Precisely, despite the availability of numerous factors that affects the mental development and communicational methods in learners, cultural factors still play massive roles with regard to this claim. Acc ording to sources, research has proved that second language acquisition and prowess in the communicational methods are subjects of numerous factors. However, cultural perspectives still assume serious roles in this context. Based on this, it is crucial to recognize that people who abide stringently by their cultures have demonstrated critical cultural provisions. Varying cultures have different communication methods. This might influence various people who embrace such cultures. Their ability to acquire other languages in this context has been influenced by numerous factors with cultural orientation fronting the list. The significance of the studies executed and findings achieved have relied on the implications of cultural factors identified in the communicational aspects. According to Gogolin (2009), communication methods are subjects of cognitive functions, which are influenced by cultural and environmental contributions. The method used by individual to communicate and learn othe r languages are subjects of concern. Lee (2000) indicates that positive cultural perspectives can emerge with viable communication methods The impacts of cultural background on writing style Writing style is equally influenced by the cultural background of the learner. Cultures dictate how individuals operate and perceive things. The way such people approach the aspects of learning and writing capabilities depend on the cultural orientation. Ability to write a second language proficiently depends on the cultural provisions, which dictate the mindsets and behavioral implications. Writing capabilities depend on the learning environment where one stays and the cultural influences that characterizes the wellbeing of such individuals. It is the mandate of numerous individuals to ensure that cultural provisions in their lives do not disfavor their learning and writing styles (Gogolin, 2009). Since writing depends on the knowledge and proficiency of one in the used language, it is proper t o conclude that in case cultural backgrounds influence proper language acquisition, it will also influence the writing style. Precisely, one only writes what he or she knows. For one to write proficiently, he or she must be proficient in the language used. The importance of this topic emerged on its ability to clarify the relationship that exists amid the second language attainment, cognitive developments/learning abilities, and the writing style used in this aspect. Cultural background contributes massively in the language learning and writing as indicated before. Evidently, the way a given culture speaks out their opinions and constructs their sentences is a subject of cultural consideration. Introducing learners from different cultures to new writing styles elicit varying capabilities in the realms of communicational trends and methods (Goswami, 2004). It is desirable to deliver investigated findings on the matter rather than relying on perception and rootless claims. This is evi dent by the resultant findings in relation to the cognitive developmental aspects. First Language The effects of first language vocabulary on communication Evidently, the initial words acquired in one’s life might affect the nature of communication that one assumes. This is a critical phenomenon following its applicability and reliability in numerous occasions. It is from this perspective that the previous claims on second language acquisition and writing style emerge. Evidently, the acquired vocabularies from the first language can dictate how one speaks and writes (Gogolin, 2009). If the acquired vocabularies are viable and conventionally used by numerous individuals, it is apparent that such individuals will communicate in a given manner different from other groups somewhere. Communicational proficiency is highly influenced by the aspects of first language acquisition and its vocabularies. Those who are proficient in their first language provisions have the capability of d emonstrating viable communication abilities. In this context it is proper to acquire viable vocabularies that will promote effective and respectful communication. The vocabularies used should be conventional and used by numerous individuals. From this context, allowing other cultural aspects to interfere with the first language vocabularies can significant affect communicational capabilities of the involved individual. It is apparent that first language vocabulary can affect communication aspects and proficiency in other subsequent languages. Evidently, it is difficult to forget what one learns at his or her initial stages of life. First languages and their vocabularies are component of these early learning provisions. They eventually affect communication skills and ability to integrate information among the concerned individuals. If the vocabularies of the first language were wrong and misleading, communication capabilities of the concerned individual will be at stake. Such people will not communicate effectively. The effects of the first language structure on writing skills The structure of first language in the realms of sentence construction, vocabulary, and accent can influence the writing styles of the concerned individuals. It is from this perspective that the entire communicational aspects and other provisions attain their mandated prowess. Some communities have languages, which cannot be written easily. This eventually affects their writing skills despite their efforts to correct the situation. When one endeavors to acquire a second language, there is a massive influence from the first language. The structure and nature of these languages tend to influence the structuring, writing, and communicational aspects of the concerned individuals. It is imperative to note that first language has massive influence on other subsequent communication and writing skills mentioned earlier. For example, it is evident that Iranians have problems in acquiring, writing, and speaking English fluently due to their first language influences, culture, and other characterizing factors. This is a critical provision in this context (Oates Grayson, 2004). It indicates how writing capability of an individual is dictated by the cognitive development provisions, which are subjects of environmental influence and other factors. For one to develop constructive writing skills, he or she must have a viable first language structure and communicational proficiency. Evidently, different languages are structured differently depending on the community involved. Such structures have massive influence on the writing capabilities and coherency of the concerned individuals. First languages structured ambiguously front massive difficulties in the writing styles. The effects of the first language nature on the organization method The nature of the first language can have considerable effects on the organization method. The way one organizes himself or herself is a critical phenomenon. It helps in understanding various life aspects. The fact that the nature of language can affect this provision is a massive concern. Additionally, it is crucial to identify ways through which first language can affect the mentioned organization. Several factors are behind this provision (Robinson, Shore Enersen, 2007). This relates to the aspects of communicational framework and other provisions that characterize the mentioned phenomenon. First language affects the aspects of relationships and expressions at individual’s level. This fact is of a massive concern due to its contribution in varied context. Self-organization is contributed massively with the kind of language that one embraces. Inability to conform to such factors has been identified and condemned considerably in various contexts. Conclusion Conclusively, there is a massive correlation amidst the cultural background of an individual, his or her first language, and the ability to learn second language s and acquire viable writing styles. In this context, individuals who intend to learn second languages and augment their writing skills have shown remarkable influences from their respective cultures. Globally, there are cultural disparities that affect learners in their studies. This is with regard to second language acquisition and writing styles. Cultural background can influence the learning prospects of an individual. This can equally dictate his or her language –learning prowess. Additionally, features of a first language have remarkable influences on learners. Cultural values within a community can affect communication proficiency of the concerned natives. Additionally, the methods of communication embraced by different individuals are subjects of cultural perspectives as indicated before. Similarly, first languages possess grievous influence on communication, writing skills, and organization in the realms of their vocabulary, language structure, and nature. References Cook, V. Bassetti, B. (2010). Language and Bilingual Cognition. New York, NY: Psychology Press. Gogolin, I. (2009). Streitfall Zweisprachigkeit: the bilingualism controversy. Wiebsbaden: VS Verlag. Goswami, U. (2004). Blackwell handbook of childhood cognitive development. New Jersey, NJ: John Wiley Sons. Lee, K. (2000). Childhood cognitive development: the essential readings. Massachusetts, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Oates, J. Grayson, A. (2004). Cognitive and language development in children. Massachusetts, MA: Wiley-Blackwell. Robinson, A., Shore, B. Enersen, D. (2007). Best practices in gifted education: an evidence based guide. Texas, TX: Sourcebooks. Sanz, C. Leow, R. (2011). Implicit and Explicit Language Learning: Conditions, Processes, and Knowledge in SLA and Bilingualism. Washington, DC: Georgetown University Press. Wood, D. (1998). How children think and learn: the social contexts of cognitive development. Massachusetts, MA: Wiley-Blackwell.

The means of Civil Rights groups of receiving equality. essays

The means of Civil Rights groups of receiving equality. essays The strive for equality is the main goal for non-violent and militant civil rights organizations but through different means of receiving so. The main non-violent desegregation non-violent groups were CORE, SNCC, SCLC, and NAACP. The top militant civil rights groups were the Black Panthers and the Nation of Islam, also known as the Black Muslims. Both non-violent and militant civil rights groups wanted to be considered equal and receive the same rights as everyone else. Racism reigned supreme in the south when several civil rights groups began to defend their believed rights. Several racist groups took attacks against these civil rights organizers and injured and even killed many members. Both non-violent and militant groups knew that the had to rise above and overcome these racist groups as soon as possible. Though all striving for equality, these civil rights organizations had different intentions in doing so. Organizations such as CORE and SNCC went for the desegregation of schools and public facilities. They would do so in a non-violent manner and belief. Through being calm and non-violent the goal was to provoke anger, rage, and violence from their enemies. As a resul of violent actions shown against calm, peaceful nonviolent protesters throughout the media this would cause many people to become appalled at the actions. The public would not be able to ignore the violence against these innocent people. Some of this violence came about by sit-ins. This was used at several lunch counters. The members would sit at the counters and just wait to be served. Many would be refused service and even be harassed and/or hurt for peacefully sitting at a counter. Other methods used were marches and freedom rides. Members would ride buses through southern towns hoping to be jailed and cause more violence. These tactics took time though. Time and much patience were required to achieve results. The militant civil rights organizations...

Inmates Working for Private Industries Assignment

Inmates Working for Private Industries - Assignment Example Studies have also shown that prisoners that undergo these programs are also less likely to commit crime and find themselves back in prison than those who do not participate in such programs (Atkinson & Rostad, 2003). There are also advantages in that this sort of arrangement allows American companies to produce goods at much reduced labor costs while at the same time producing truly â€Å"made in America† goods and reduces the transfer of labor to China and other parts of the world. There are also a few cons to these programs. Especially with the current recession and general high unemployment rates for the rest of the American population, prison labor provides unfair competition in the job market since the inmates take jobs that would otherwise be done by the out of prison population (Associated Press, 2012). The programs have also been accused of being exploitative of the inmates in that they are paid salaries that are well below the minimum rate. There are many examples of such types of programs. In South Carolina for example, employees from the Evans and Leath Correctional facilities work for the Escod Industries, a division of Insilco, a Columbus, Ohio based fortune 500 companies where they manufacture of electronic cables that are then sold to companies such as IBM and the Canadian-based Northern Telecom Corporation. In California, Trans World Airlines employs inmates from the California Youth Authority’s Ventura Training School for youthful offenders to take phone enquiries and schedule routes for their customers throughout the United States while in Phoenix Arizona, Best Western Internationals’ hotel reservations center was operated from the Arizona Correctional Facility for Women (Sexton, n.d.). A lot of these programs are very successful, usually far surpassing their objectives and meeting and exceeding expectations. The programs not only result in both the inmates, the organizations and the prison management

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist Essay - 1

Marco Palmezzano, Holy Family with the Infant Saint John the Baptist - Essay Example ainter near the Umbrian school, the first who practised foreshortening with much success and one of the most outstanding fresco painters of the 15th century.... Â  Marco Palmezzano, 1an Italian from Forli, Romagna ( 1460 – 1539) would be considered as a High Renaissance Artist would depend upon which of his works was being considered. He originally trained as an artist under the master Melozzo da Forli and his earliest work is perhaps the fresco decoration dating from around1480-84 of the vault of the sacristy of the treasury at Santa Casa, Loreto, which was designed by Melozzo da Forli considered to be a great master of perspective and had worked with the better known Piero Della Francesa. Marco was working with his teacher on fresco for the Capella Feo in S.Girolamo, in the town of Forli when the older man died, work that has since been destroyed by war action. Henry La Farge says of the relationship between the two artists Mellozo and Della Francesca that Mellozo:- It is likely that he had also studied architecture in Urbino, according to an article originally written in 1915.3 This seems likely when the fine architectural detail in many of his works is considered , including the one under consideration, as well as his familiarity with various types of marble and his ability to reproduce them on canvas or other material. The same writer points out how Marco Palmezzano would signed himself as the pupil of Melozzo, and the fact that this has caused confusion as to who actually painted a piece and their works have consequently been misattributed. This would also in part explain why Palmezzano is relatively unknown despite having works on exhibition in such prestigious places as the National Gallery4 and The Courtauld Institute, both in London, but also in many other places in Western Europe, in Australia and the United States of America. At some point in his twenties Palmezzano he traveled to Rome, where it is possible he painted the fresco in th e church

Nursing Infomatics Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Nursing Infomatics - Assignment Example Nursing informatics is concerned with the question, "How many times does a nurse have to click a mouse" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). The need for nurses to be technologically savvy is more important than ever. Nursing informatics can help patients receive a better quality of care. Nursing informatics includes "how nurses gather and record information tohelp improve patient health care" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). What does nursing informatics include Nursing informatics includes: "implementation of information technologyoptimizing information management and communication[and utilizing] electronic records" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). Why is this included in the curriculum Nursing informatics should be included in the curriculum because all nurses in practice today should be familiar with how to use technology in the workplace in order to help their patients and make everyones' lives more efficient and easier. Whether it be use of an IV pump or an electronic thermometer, every technology makes things easier for the nurse and the nurse is always going to encounter technology on-the-job (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). This makes the necessity of including informatics in the nursing curriculum even more important. As technology changes, so does the field of nursing. ... 1). This makes the necessity of including informatics in the nursing curriculum even more important. The good informatics nurse "understands theory, implementation, [and] evaluating outcomes" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). This is what the curriculum will teach the nursing student. As technology changes, so does the field of nursing. Although there is no way to predict what the future holds in technology, the role of the nurse in informatics is to continually be attempting to bridge the gap between technology and clinical practice, communicating with both arenas (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). So what lies in the future The future of informatics is to create a more efficient health care system with information technology, specifically: systems that are multi-layered so there are no separate electronic charts; synthesization and interfacing systems which are seamless; basic language within a unified system; and best practices in informatics (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). How can one expect a nursing student to benefit from taking this course The answer is simple: patient care will be improved. As one nurse said it best, "The more we have at our fingertipsthe better we are going to be able to take care of that patient" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). C. How this Course Fits with the Philosophy of the Nursing Program and College as a Whole. Nurses today must be trained so that they are competent when they go out into the field. Nurses are often the "liaison between information technology and real nursing" (Giannini, 2010, p. 1). In order that competent nurses are trained properly with regard to technology, all nursing curricula should include a course on nursing informatics. A competent individual in nursing informatics is

Girl with a Pearl Earring Essay Example for Free

Girl with a Pearl Earring Essay In the novel Girl With A Pearl Earring by Tracy Chevalier, Griet faces many challenges which causes her identity to change. Though Griet starts out as an innocent maid who has to follow orders, she starts developing her own opinion and the ability to make decisions. Griet changes from an household servant to having the courage to share her opinion to a mature lady, capable of making her own decisions. Many factors contribute to the change in Griet’s identity, but the main factor is Vermeer, her master. At first, Griet is viewed as an innocent girl, who is compelled to work as an maid due to her father’s incapability to provide for her family. She does not want to leave her family and go to an unknown place, but she has to; in order to fulfill her family’s needs’. This is evident when Griet says to her sister, Agnes, â€Å" ‘You know I don’t want to leave. I have to’†(7). When she arrives at the Vermeer household, she is viewed as a helper with the household chores, and a girl who must follow her master’s orders’. Later on, she starts to consider the Vermeer household as her own family. ’I have two families now, and they must not mix’†(53). This quote demonstrates the fact that Griet is adapting to her environment, and that she has started considering them as her family. This illustrates a change in her identity, as she has changed from a compelled and scared young girl to a maid, capable of adapting to a new environment. Throughout the course of the novel, Griet starts developing her own opinion along with the courage to speak her opinion. At first, she just went along with what she was told: â€Å" ‘But he was my master. I was meant to so as he said’†(57). This demonstrates the fact that Griet completes tasks without thinking. Even if she wants to say something, she doesn’t, because she gives her opinion no importance. Griet always had the ability to recognize Vermeer’s paintings’ strengths and weaknesses, but she didn’t have the courage to say it. This changes, due to Vermeer, who forces Griet to give her opinion. â€Å" ‘It is a better painting now’†(64). This supports Griet’s change in identity, form being too scared to speaking her mind to having the courage to give her opinion to her master. Near the end, Griet’s identity has gone through the process of a young maid to a mature lady. At first, Griet’s opinion held no importance. She does not have a say in anything. This is evident when she says, â€Å" ‘ What would I think, madam? ’†(157). Griet has certainly developed an opinion, but not the courage to speak it in front of others. She is aware of her status as a maid. This changes throughout the course of the novel. Griet does develop the courage to take the decision of her life as well as carry it out. â€Å" ‘I did not pick up the knife. I turned and walked from the room’†(215). This quote illustrates Griet’s ability to make and carry out decisions. She is not going to tolerate any wrong accusations, and she has learned to take a stand for herself. This change occurs due to Vermeer and his art. Somewhere in between, Griet realizes that she has had enough, and she’s not going to let anyone come and accuse her of doing something she didn’t do. Vermeer and his paintings made Griet feel that she does hold importance, and no one has the right to accuse her wrongfully. Therefore, Griet’s identity undergoes a lot of changes throughout the novel. First, she is maid who is duty- bound to work in an unknown place due to her family’s needs’. As the book continues, she starts developing her opinion as well as the ability to say it. In the end, she is a mature lady with the capability to decide for herself. All of the changes are due to Vermeer. He was the one who accepted her and allowed her to give her opinion, and he was also the one who rejected her by silently standing there while Griet was being wrongfully accused.

Belt Drive Laboratory Exercise

Belt Drive Laboratory Exercise An investigation into the relationship between tensions in a slipping pulley and comparison of experimental and theoretical results 1. Summary The transmission of power across machines and systems in industry is vitally important and belt drives can provide this in a cheap but efficient form. In this experiment, a flat belt was attached around a pulley at four separate contact angles and the tensions both before and after the pulley were recorded as the mass was changed to investigate the belt tension ratio and efficiency of the pulley, and how this compared to theoretical results. The experimental and predicted results were found to be very similar, confirming the expectation that an increase in contact angle would cause an increase in belt tension ratio. Also, a peak efficiency of 67.95% was measured which was significantly lower than the average modern day efficiency of 95%.   2. List of Symbols Symbol Meaning  µ coefficient of friction between belt and pulley ÃŽÂ ± half vee belt angle ÃŽÂ ² angle of contact between belt and pulley T ­1 tension after pulley T2 tension before pulley mm millimetres N newtons V volts A amps g grams à Ã¢â‚¬ ° rotational speed rpm revs per minute ÃŽÂ · efficiency POUT output power PIN input power T torque Nm newton metres 3. Introduction Belt drives are a cost effective, easy to use devices designed for power transmission between machines or shafts. The origins of traction devices can be traced back as far as the Babylonians and Assyrians with flat belts, made of leather, becoming the main source of power transmission in factories during the industrial revolution. Although flat belts are still used today, the introduction of vee belts by John Gates in 1917 revolutionised short distance power transmission, being able to generate more power than a flat belt for a pulley of certain diameter. Modern belt drives are able to transmit power at an efficiency of 90-98%, averaging 95% [1]. Vee belts provided the opportunity for continuously variable transmission with their ability to work on pulleys of variable diameters, a useful advantage over other forms of transmission. However, the main disadvantage is the slip between belt and pulley which can limit the efficiency of the drive; the factors contributing to this are the belt profile, the friction and the amount of torque. This report investigates the relationship between the tensions in a stationary flat belt pulley and subsequently the torque and efficiency, comparing the experimental results with expected values calculated using the theory outlined below. 4. Theory Given the coefficient of friction  µ, vee belt angle 2ÃŽÂ ± and angle of contact ÃŽÂ ² (rad), the relationship between higher tension and lower tension in a slipping pulley, known as the belt tension ratio, is given by the following equation: [2] (equation 1) Given for a flat belt ÃŽÂ ± = 90 ° and knowing sin (90 °) = 1, this equation can be rewritten: (equation 2) It is this theoretical equation which the experimental results will be compared against in order to analyse the relationship between the belt tension ratio and coefficient of friction. 5. Method 5.1 Apparatus Belt drive system set up as shown above in figure 1, with the central pulley of radius 50mm and a load cell measuring with an uncertainty of  ­Ã‚ ­Ãƒâ€šÃ‚ ±0.005N. DC electric motor to provide initial rotational movement of the central pulley, measuring voltage (V) with an uncertainty of  ±0.05V and current (I) with an uncertainty of  ±0.005A. Masses, 100g each, to vary the load applied at the free end of the string Hand held optical tachometer capable of measuring rotational speed (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) of the pulley with an accuracy of  ±0.5rpm. 5.2 Procedure The free end of the string was placed accordingly to ensure the angle of contact, ÃŽÂ ², between the belt and pulley was à Ã¢â€š ¬/2. The motor supply voltage was set to 10V and it was made sure that the pulley was rotating in the correct direction by checking T2 > T1. The spring balance was zeroed before the minimum load, 100g, was placed on the free end of the string and a measurement for T1 recorded off the spring balance. 100g masses were then added individually until a maximum mass was applied and the value on the spring balance after the addition of each mass was recorded. These masses were then removed, the angle of contact changed, and the experiment then repeated for angles of à Ã¢â€š ¬, 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 and 2à Ã¢â€š ¬. The maximum mass was achieved when the motor was close to stalling but the voltage value still read 10V. When performing the experiment at the 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 angle of contact, values for current and pulley rotational speed were also measured after the addition of each 100g mass. The current (I) was measured by the digital multimeter while the rotational speed of the pulley (à Ã¢â‚¬ °) was measured using the hand held optical tachometer. 6. Results The tension after the pulley (T1) and the mass added to the free end of the string were recorded and collected in a table, which can be found in Appendix A. The values for the mass were converted from kg to N to give the corresponding tensions (T2). A graph of T2 against T1 (figure 2) was then drawn for all four angles of contact ÃŽÂ ². This experimental value was calculated from figure 3 to be 0.3269. Using this value and equation 1 for all four angles, a theoretical plot of the belt tension ratio was able to be produced and compared with the experimental results achieved at the four points, shown through figure 4. 7. Discussion It was expected that as the angle of contact increased, the value of T1 would decrease and therefore the value of the belt tension ratio would increase. It can clearly be seen from the experimental data points produced in figure 4 that the results from this experiment were as expected. Also from figure 4, an analysis of the experimental data points and the theoretical line of best fit shows a clear correlation between the two calculations, confirming the theory discussed during section 3 of the report. The slight differences found between these two forms of data, particularly at ÃŽÂ ²=3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 where the largest error is found, can be accredited to systematic errors due to the measurements from the load cell. Observing figure 6, the motor efficiency shows a generally increasing trend though the curve begins to flatten out as T2 reaches 9.810N. This shows the relationship between torque and efficiency not to be linear but instead parabolic, demonstrating the idea of a peak efficiency at each contact angle. By differentiating the equation of the line of best fit we can calculate that the maximum efficiency is achieved at a torque of 1.627 Nm with this efficiency being 67.95%. This efficiency is significantly smaller than the modern day average of 95% stated in the introduction; this difference in values can be attributed to various factors affecting the calculations. Firstly, it was assumed that the motor driving the pulley was 100% efficient; in reality this would not be the case as there would be energy lost internally through friction, cooling systems and core losses. Secondly, this experiment was conducted using a constantly slipping flat belt as opposed to a more commonly used form of transmission such as a vee belt, where higher efficiencies would be anticipated. 8. Conclusion To conclude, the experiment outlined in this report was useful in demonstrating the relationship between tensions in a slipping pulley, successfully validating the theory from section 3 that belt tension ratio is related to angle of contact; as ÃŽÂ ² tends towards 2à Ã¢â€š ¬, the belt tension ratio tends towards a maximum due to an increased area of contact and consequently larger friction. In the experiment, a maximum efficiency of 67.95% was calculated at a torque of 1.627 Nm. The graph of efficiency against torque analysed in section 5 demonstrates a need to find the optimum torque of a system in order to achieve maximum efficiency from it. The findings from this experiment are statistically insignificant as the nature of the pulley does not correspond to common industry types. However, the experiment was useful in showing the basic relationships between angles of contact, belt tension ratio and efficiency found in belt drives and the effect slipping can have on the output of these systems. Appendix A Raw Data à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 à Ã¢â€š ¬ 3à Ã¢â€š ¬/2 2à Ã¢â€š ¬ Weight (kg) T2 (N) T1 (N) Current (A) Speed (revs/min) T1(N) T1(N) T1 (N) 1.0 9.810 5.80 3.8 1218 3.40 1.70 0.9 8.829 5.20 3.5 1239 3.05 1.50 1.15 0.8 7.848 4.60 3.2 1256 2.70 1.35 1.00 0.7 6.867 4.00 2.9 1280 2.40 1.15 0.90 0.6 5.886 3.45 2.6 1308 2.05 0.95 0.75 0.5 4.905 2.85 2.3 1340 1.70 0.80 0.60 0.4 3.924 2.25 2.0 1370 1.35 0.60 0.45 0.3 2.943 1.65 1.7 1399 1.00 0.40 0.35 0.2 1.962 1.15 1.3 1429 0.65 0.25 0.25 0.1 0.981 0.5 1.0 1470 0.30 0.10 0.10 [1] Carlisle Power Transmission products, Inc., Energy loss and belt efficiency, [Online]. Available: http://www.clark-transmission.com/images/pdf/carlisle/energy_loss_and_belt_efficiency.pdf. [Accessed 9 February 2016]. [2] J. Darling, ME 10010 Solid mechanics 2 Belt Drive Labratory Exercise, University of Bath, 2016. [3] University of Geulph, Department of Physics, What is torque?, [Online]. Available: https://www.physics.uoguelph.ca/tutorials/torque/Q.torque.intro.html. [Accessed 16 February 2016]. [1] PIX Transmissions Limited, Belts Brief history and types, [Online]. Available: http://www.pixtrans.com/blog/belts%E2%80%93brief-history-and-types.html. [Accessed 9 February 2016]. [2] Groschopp, Efficiency and losses in electric motors, 24 March 2015. [Online]. Available: http://www.groschopp.com/efficiency-and-losses-in-electric-motors/. [Accessed 10 February 2016]. [3] Habatec, Introduction to the power transmission flat belt drive, 2011. [Online]. Available: http://www.habatec.net/HNet/HabaTEC.nsf/vwWebContent/FF5800BDAD1854E0C12571CA0028442B?OpenDocument. [Accessed 10 Feb 2016]. [4] IHS Engineering360, Flat belt pulleys, [Online]. Available: http://www.globalspec.com/learnmore/motion_controls/power_transmission/flat_belt_pulleys. [Accessed 15 February 2016]. [5] J. Darling, ME 10010 Solid mechanics 2 Belt Drive Labratory Exercise, University of Bath, 2016. [6] V. R. Chennu, Belt drives types, advantages, disadvantages, 31 October 2015. [Online]. Available: http://me-mechanicalengineering.com/belt-drives-types-advantages-disadvantages/. [Accessed 15 February 2016].